The studies behind the grades
Research
Every study currently linked to an assessment, newest first. The question we care about is not simply what a study found, but whether it changes the standing of a claim.
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- Human researchRandomised controlled trial
Effects of creatine supplementation with and without exercise and diet intervention on body composition, cognitive function, and markers of health in middle-aged and older adults
Chun J et al.. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2026 · PMID 42578920
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchRandomised controlled trial
Effects of high-load, velocity-intentional variable resistance training combined with creatine supplementation on neuroplasticity, oxidative stress, inflammation, physical function, cognitive performance and quality of life in older adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Fernandez-Garrido J et al.. Experimental gerontology. 2026 · PMID 41941966
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchMeta-analysis of RCTs
Nutritional Supplementation Combined with Exercise for Musculoskeletal Health in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Evaluating Proteins, Amino Acids, and Creatine across Reproductive Stages
Chen KH et al.. International journal of medical sciences. 2026 · PMID 42158825
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchMeta-analysis of RCTsSurrogate marker
Safety and Metabolism-Related Outcomes of Oral Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yang W et al.. Nutrients. 2026 · PMID 42514320
Bears on: Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) — raises nad+ levels in blood
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchMeta-analysis of RCTsSurrogate marker
Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Zhang M et al.. Nutrients. 2026 · PMID 41901064
Bears on: Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) — improves blood pressure
Claim currently graded:Insufficient
- Human researchRandomised controlled trial
A phase-II randomized controlled pilot study of nicotinamide riboside supplementation in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment
Martens CR et al.. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association. 2026 · PMID 42478598
Bears on: Nicotinamide riboside (NR) — improves outcomes in specific diagnosed conditions
Claim currently graded:Early
- Animal researchAnimal study
Effects of BPC-157 and TB-500 on Achilles tendon healing in rats: A histopathological and biomechanical study
Biçer O et al.. Joint diseases and related surgery. 2026 · PMID 42542926
Bears on: BPC-157 — accelerates tendon and soft-tissue healing
Claim currently graded:Preclinical
- Human researchRandomised controlled trial
Nicotinamide Riboside Supplementation Benefits in Patients With Werner Syndrome: A Double-Blind Randomized Crossover Placebo-Controlled Trial
Shoji M et al.. Aging cell. 2025 · PMID 40459998
Bears on: Nicotinamide riboside (NR) — improves outcomes in specific diagnosed conditions
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchRandomised controlled trialSurrogate marker
Nicotinamide riboside combined with exercise to treat hypertension in middle-aged and older adults: a pilot randomized clinical trial
Lin Y et al.. GeroScience. 2025 · PMID 40770531
Bears on: Nicotinamide riboside (NR) — improves outcomes in specific diagnosed conditions
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchRandomised controlled trial
Influence of rapamycin on safety and healthspan metrics after one year: PEARL trial results
Moel M et al.. Aging. 2025 · PMID 40188830
Bears on: Rapamycin — is tolerable at low doses in healthy adults over a year
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchProspective cohortSurrogate marker
Experimental Evidence Against Taurine Deficiency as a Driver of Aging in Humans
Marcangeli V et al.. Aging cell. 2025 · PMID 41061678
Bears on: Taurine — age-related taurine decline drives ageing, and supplementation counters it
Claim currently graded:Insufficient
- Human researchSystematic review
Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review
Vasireddi N et al.. HSS journal : the musculoskeletal journal of Hospital for Special Surgery. 2025 · PMID 40756949
Bears on: BPC-157 — improves injury recovery in humans
Claim currently graded:Insufficient
- Laboratory researchCell / in vitro studySurrogate marker
Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation or ALT activity
Al-Dulaimi S et al.. Biogerontology. 2025 · PMID 40908429
Bears on: Epithalon — lengthens telomeres
Claim currently graded:Preclinical
- Human researchMeta-analysis of RCTsSurrogate marker
Efficacy and safety of berberine on the components of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials
Liu D et al.. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2025 · PMID 40740996
Bears on: Berberine — improves blood glucose and lipid markers in people with metabolic dysfunction
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchSystematic review
Effects of cold-water immersion on health and wellbeing: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Cain T et al.. PloS one. 2025 · PMID 39879231
Bears on: Cold exposure — improves health and wellbeing
Claim currently graded:Insufficient
- Human researchMeta-analysis of RCTs
Efficacy and safety of curcumin therapy for knee osteoarthritis: A Bayesian network meta-analysis
Zhao J et al.. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2024 · PMID 38036015
Bears on: Curcumin — reduces knee osteoarthritis pain
Claim currently graded:Early
- Animal researchAnimal study
Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging
Singh P et al.. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2023 · PMID 37289866
Bears on: Taurine — age-related taurine decline drives ageing, and supplementation counters it
Claim currently graded:Insufficient
- Human researchRandomised controlled trial
Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes
Lincoff AM et al.. The New England journal of medicine. 2023 · PMID 37952131
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchRandomised controlled trial
The D-Health Trial: a randomised controlled trial of the effect of vitamin D on mortality
Neale RE et al.. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology. 2022 · PMID 35026158
Bears on: Vitamin D — reduces all-cause mortality in generally healthy older adults
Claim currently graded:Against
- Human researchRandomised controlled trial
Effects of Spermidine Supplementation on Cognition and Biomarkers in Older Adults With Subjective Cognitive Decline: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Schwarz C et al.. JAMA network open. 2022 · PMID 35616942
Bears on: Spermidine — improves memory in older adults
Claim currently graded:Against
- Human researchSystematic review
Muscle-strengthening activities are associated with lower risk and mortality in major non-communicable diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies
Momma H et al.. British journal of sports medicine. 2022 · PMID 35228201
Bears on: Resistance training — is associated with lower all-cause mortality
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchRandomised controlled trial
Effect of Urolithin A Supplementation on Muscle Endurance and Mitochondrial Health in Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Liu S et al.. JAMA network open. 2022 · PMID 35050355
Bears on: Urolithin A — improves muscle endurance in older adults
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchRandomised controlled trial
Targeting the biology of ageing with mTOR inhibitors to improve immune function in older adults: phase 2b and phase 3 randomised trials
Mannick JB et al.. The lancet. Healthy longevity. 2021 · PMID 33977284
Bears on: Rapamycin — improves immune function in older adults at low doses
Claim currently graded:Mixed
- Human researchMeta-analysis of RCTsSurrogate marker
Effects of hydrolyzed collagen supplementation on skin aging: a systematic review and meta-analysis
de Miranda RB, Weimer P, Rossi RC. International journal of dermatology. 2021 · PMID 33742704
Bears on: Collagen peptides — improves instrument-measured skin elasticity and hydration
Claim currently graded:Moderate
- Human researchRandomised controlled trialSurrogate marker
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity
Wilding JPH et al.. The New England journal of medicine. 2021 · PMID 33567185
Bears on: GLP-1 receptor agonists — produces substantial weight loss in adults with obesity
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchCross-sectionalSurrogate marker
Altered brown fat thermoregulation and enhanced cold-induced thermogenesis in young, healthy, winter-swimming men
Søberg S et al.. Cell reports. Medicine. 2021 · PMID 34755128
Bears on: Cold exposure — activates brown fat and increases cold-induced thermogenesis
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchRandomised controlled trial
Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Weight Loss and Other Metabolic Parameters in Women and Men With Overweight and Obesity: The TREAT Randomized Clinical Trial
Lowe DA et al.. JAMA internal medicine. 2020 · PMID 32986097
Bears on: Intermittent fasting — time-restricted eating produces greater weight loss than ordinary meal timing
Claim currently graded:Against
- Human researchRandomised controlled trial
Effect of exercise training for five years on all cause mortality in older adults-the Generation 100 study: randomised controlled trial
Stensvold D et al.. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2020 · PMID 33028588
Bears on: Aerobic exercise — a prescribed exercise programme reduces mortality beyond general activity advice
Claim currently graded:Against
- Human researchRandomised controlled trial
Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia
Bhatt DL et al.. The New England journal of medicine. 2019 · PMID 30415628
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchRandomised controlled trial
Marine n-3 Fatty Acids and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer
Manson JE et al.. The New England journal of medicine. 2019 · PMID 30415637
Bears on: Omega-3 fatty acids — prevents cardiovascular disease and cancer in generally healthy adults
Claim currently graded:Against
- Human researchRandomised controlled trialSurrogate marker
2 years of calorie restriction and cardiometabolic risk (CALERIE): exploratory outcomes of a multicentre, phase 2, randomised controlled trial
Kraus WE et al.. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology. 2019 · PMID 31303390
Bears on: Calorie restriction — improves cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy non-obese adults
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchRandomised controlled trialSurrogate marker
The mitophagy activator urolithin A is safe and induces a molecular signature of improved mitochondrial and cellular health in humans
Andreux PA et al.. Nature metabolism. 2019 · PMID 32694802
Bears on: Urolithin A — improves biomarkers of mitochondrial health
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchNon-randomised trialSurrogate marker
A Pilot Study Investigating Changes in the Human Plasma and Urine NAD+ Metabolome During a 6 Hour Intravenous Infusion of NAD
Grant R et al.. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2019 · PMID 31572171
Bears on: NAD+ (direct supplementation) — intravenous nad+ increases nad+ availability in the body
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchRandomised controlled trial
TORC1 inhibition enhances immune function and reduces infections in the elderly
Mannick JB et al.. Science translational medicine. 2018 · PMID 29997249
Bears on: Rapamycin — improves immune function in older adults at low doses
Claim currently graded:Mixed
- Human researchProspective cohort
Sauna bathing is associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality and improves risk prediction in men and women: a prospective cohort study
Laukkanen T et al.. BMC medicine. 2018 · PMID 30486813
Bears on: Sauna bathing — is associated with lower cardiovascular mortality
Claim currently graded:Moderate
- Human researchProspective cohort
Joint associations of sauna bathing and cardiorespiratory fitness on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality risk: a long-term prospective cohort study
Kunutsor SK et al.. Annals of medicine. 2018 · PMID 28972808
Bears on: Sauna bathing — is associated with lower cardiovascular mortality
Claim currently graded:Moderate
- Human researchProspective cohort
Higher spermidine intake is linked to lower mortality: a prospective population-based study
Kiechl S et al.. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2018 · PMID 29955838
Bears on: Spermidine — higher dietary intake is associated with lower mortality
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchRetrospective cohort
Association of Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Long-term Mortality Among Adults Undergoing Exercise Treadmill Testing
Mandsager K et al.. JAMA network open. 2018 · PMID 30646252
Claim currently graded:Moderate
- Animal researchAnimal study
Fisetin is a senotherapeutic that extends health and lifespan
Yousefzadeh MJ et al.. EBioMedicine. 2018 · PMID 30279143
Bears on: Fisetin — clears senescent cells and extends lifespan
Claim currently graded:Preclinical
- Human researchRandomised controlled trial
Still reduced cardiovascular mortality 12 years after supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10 for four years: A validation of previous 10-year follow-up results of a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in elderly
Alehagen U et al.. PloS one. 2018 · PMID 29641571
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchMeta-analysis of RCTs
Impact of metformin on cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomised trials among people with type 2 diabetes
Griffin SJ, Leaver JK, Irving GJ. Diabetologia. 2017 · PMID 28770324
Bears on: Metformin — reduces cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes
Claim currently graded:Insufficient
- Human researchSystematic review
Relationship of Sleep Duration With All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
Yin J et al.. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2017 · PMID 28889101
Bears on: Sleep — both short and long habitual sleep are associated with higher all-cause mortality
Claim currently graded:Moderate
- Human researchRandomised controlled trial
Collagen peptide supplementation in combination with resistance training improves body composition and increases muscle strength in elderly sarcopenic men: a randomised controlled trial
Zdzieblik D et al.. The British journal of nutrition. 2015 · PMID 26353786
Bears on: Collagen peptides — adds to muscle and strength gains from resistance training in elderly men
Claim currently graded:Early
- Laboratory researchMechanistic studySurrogate marker
GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration
Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. BioMed research international. 2015 · PMID 26236730
Bears on: GHK-Cu — regenerates ageing skin
Claim currently graded:Preclinical
- Human researchRandomised controlled trialSurrogate marker
mTOR inhibition improves immune function in the elderly
Mannick JB et al.. Science translational medicine. 2014 · PMID 25540326
Bears on: Rapamycin — improves immune function in older adults at low doses
Claim currently graded:Mixed
- Human researchRandomised controlled trialSurrogate marker
Oral supplementation of specific collagen peptides has beneficial effects on human skin physiology: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Proksch E et al.. Skin pharmacology and physiology. 2014 · PMID 23949208
Bears on: Collagen peptides — improves instrument-measured skin elasticity and hydration
Claim currently graded:Moderate
- Human researchRandomised controlled trialSurrogate marker
Oral intake of specific bioactive collagen peptides reduces skin wrinkles and increases dermal matrix synthesis
Proksch E et al.. Skin pharmacology and physiology. 2014 · PMID 24401291
Bears on: Collagen peptides — improves instrument-measured skin elasticity and hydration
Claim currently graded:Moderate
- Human researchProspective cohort
Resveratrol levels and all-cause mortality in older community-dwelling adults
Semba RD et al.. JAMA internal medicine. 2014 · PMID 24819981
Bears on: Resveratrol — higher resveratrol exposure is associated with lower mortality
Claim currently graded:Insufficient
- Human researchMeta-analysis of RCTsSurrogate marker
Effect of resveratrol on glucose control and insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials
Liu K et al.. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2014 · PMID 24695890
Bears on: Resveratrol — improves glucose control and insulin sensitivity in people without diabetes
Claim currently graded:Against
- Human researchProspective cohort
Leisure-time running reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk
Lee DC et al.. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2014 · PMID 25082581
Claim currently graded:Moderate
- Human researchRandomised controlled trial
The effect of coenzyme Q10 on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure: results from Q-SYMBIO: a randomized double-blind trial
Mortensen SA et al.. JACC. Heart failure. 2014 · PMID 25282031
Bears on: Coenzyme Q10 — improves outcomes as an adjunct treatment in chronic heart failure
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchMeta-analysis of RCTsSurrogate marker
Are curcuminoids effective C-reactive protein-lowering agents in clinical practice? Evidence from a meta-analysis
Sahebkar A. Phytotherapy research : PTR. 2014 · PMID 23922235
Bears on: Curcumin — lowers c-reactive protein
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchNon-randomised trial
Peptide geroprotector from the pituitary gland inhibits rapid aging of elderly people: results of 15-year follow-up
Korkushko OV et al.. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine. 2011 · PMID 22451889
Bears on: Epithalon — extends human lifespan
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchSystematic review
Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies
Cappuccio FP et al.. Sleep. 2010 · PMID 20469800
Bears on: Sleep — both short and long habitual sleep are associated with higher all-cause mortality
Claim currently graded:Moderate
- Human researchRandomised controlled trial
24-Week study on the use of collagen hydrolysate as a dietary supplement in athletes with activity-related joint pain
Clark KL et al.. Current medical research and opinion. 2008 · PMID 18416885
Bears on: Collagen peptides — reduces activity-related joint pain
Claim currently graded:Early
- Human researchRandomised controlled trialSurrogate marker
Efficacy of berberine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Yin J, Xing H, Ye J. Metabolism: clinical and experimental. 2008 · PMID 18442638
Bears on: Berberine — improves blood glucose and lipid markers in people with metabolic dysfunction
Claim currently graded:Early